Umeå University Medical Dissertations

.............................................................................................................9 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................10 1 Regulation of transcription in eukaryotes ......................................................10 1.1 Recruitment of co-activators and co-repressors ....................................10 1.2 Regulation of the activity of transcription factors .................................11 2 Regulation of transcription factors by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation ...........................................................................................12 3 Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) ...................12 4 Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling ...............................14 4.1 Activation of TGF-β receptors ..............................................................14 4.2 Smad proteins ........................................................................................15 4.3 Regulation of activation of Smads.........................................................16 4.4 Nuclear translocation of Smads.............................................................17 4.5 Smad transcription complexes...............................................................18 4.6 Interaction with other signal pathways..................................................18 5 Calcium signaling...........................................................................................19 6 Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.................................................22 6.1 Autoinhibition and activation of CaMK II ............................................23 6.2 Autophosphorylation of CaMK II .........................................................23 6.3 CaMK II signaling by phosphorylation .................................................24 7 Calcineurin .....................................................................................................24 7.1 Domain structure of calcineurin ............................................................24 7.2 Activation of calcineurin .......................................................................25 7.3 Calcineurin signaling.............................................................................26 8 The transcription factor Ets1 ..........................................................................26 8.1 Structure and function of the Ets1 domains...........................................27 8.2 Regulation of Ets1 .................................................................................29 9 RUNX family transcription factors ................................................................30 9.1 Functional domains of RUNX proteins .................................................31 9.2 RUNX isoforms.....................................................................................32